ROADSIDE REVEGETATION
An Integrated Approach to Establishing Native Plants and Pollinator Habitat
References
Ahmad M. 2013. Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: A review. Chemosphere. In Press.
Alaux C, Ducloz, F, Crauser D, Le Conte, Y. 2010. Diet effects on honeybee immunocompetence. Biology Letters: rsbl20090986.
Alexander R. 2003a. A composting update: the way we were, and where we're going. Municipal Stormwater Management 13(1). 7 p.
Alexander R. 2003b. Developing and implementing national erosion/sediment control specifications for composted products. Durham (NH): Recycled Materials Resource Center.
Allen EB, Espejel C, Sigüenza C. 1997. Role of mycorrhizae in restoration of marginal and derelict land and ecosystem sustainability. In: Palm ME, Capela IH, editors. Mycology in sustainable development: expanding concepts, vanishing borders. Boone (NC): Parkway Publishers Inc. p. 147-159.
Amaranthus M, Steinfeld D. 2003. A symbiotic relationship [online]. Erosion Control, Sept/Oct. 4 p.
Amaranthus M, Steinfeld D. 2005. Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation following biocide treatment improves Calocedrus decurrens survival and growth in nursery and outplanting sites. In: Riley LE, Dumroese RK, Landis TD, technical coordinators. National proceedings: forest and conservation nursery associations-2004. Fort Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. RMRS-P-35. p 103-108.
Amaranthus MP, Perry DA. 1987. The effect of soil transfer on ectomycorrhiza formation and the survival and growth of conifer seedlings on old, nonreforested clearcuts. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17:944-950.
Amaranthus MP, Steinfeld DE. 1997. Soil compaction after yarding of small-diameter Douglas-fir with a small tractor in southwest Oregon. Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Research Paper PNW-RP-504. 7 p.
Amaranthus MP. 2002. Declaration of interdependence: mycorrhizal fungi are the 'tiny little secrets' for planting success. Oregon Association of Nurserymen Digger. 46(4):48-53.
Ament R, Begley J, Powell S, Stoy P. 2014. Roadside Vegetation and Soils on Federal Lands - Evaluation of the Potential for Increasing Carbon Capture and Storage and Decreasing Carbon Emissions. FHA Report. 47 p.� Report for the Federal Highway Administration, # DTFH68-07-E-00045.
Anderson HW, Baumgartner DM, editors. Forest soils of the Douglas-fir region. Pullman (WA): Washington State University Cooperative Extension Service. p. 113-120.
Anderson NP, Hart JM, Sullivan DM, Christensen NW, Hornectk DA, Pirelli GJ. 2013. Applying lime to raise soil pH for crop production (western Oregon).� Oregon State University Extension Service. EM 9057.
Andrus CW, Froehlich HA. 1983. An evaluation of four implements used to till compacted forest soils in the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis (OR): Forest Research Laboratory. Research Bulletin 45. 12 p.
Anonymous. [nd]. Mycorrhizae and revegetation of disturbed lands. Bozeman (MT): Montana State University.
Araratyan, LA, Zakbaryan, SA. 1988. On the contamination of snow along main highways. Biologicheskii Zhurnal Armenii 41: 511-519
Archuleta JG, Baxter ES. 2008. Subsoiling promotes native plant establishment on compacted forest sites. Native Plants Journal. 9:2 17-122.
Applegate GB, Bragg AL. 1989. Improved growth rates of red cedar (Toona australis (F. Muell.) Harms) seedlings in grow tubes in north Queensland. Australian Forestry Journal 52(4):293-297.
Ashby WC, Vogel WG. 1993. Tree planting on mined lands in the Midwest: a handbook. Carbondale (IL): Southern Illinois University, Coal Research Center. 115 p.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials [AASHTO]. 2013. Chapter 8 Winter Operations and Salt, Sand, and Chemical Management.
AASHTO. 2013a. Chapter 9.1 Inventory of and management for rare species and sensitive resources in the ROW.
Association of Official Seed Analysts [AOSA]. 2002. Rules for testing seeds. Stillwater (OK): Association of Official Seed Analysts. 166 p.
Aubry C, Shoal R, Erickson V. 2005. Grass cultivars: their origins, development, and use on national forests and grasslands in the Pacific Northwest. Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service. 41 p.
Bainbridge D, Tisler J, MacAller R, Allen MF. 2001. Irrigation and mulch effects on desert shrub transplant establishment. Native Plants Journal 2(1):25-29.
Bainbridge DA. 1994. Tree shelters improve establishment on dry sites. Tree Planters' Notes 45(1):13-16.
Bainbridge DA. 2006a. Beyond drip irrigation-hyper-efficient irrigation. In: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting; 2006 July 9-12; Portland, OR. St Joseph (MI): American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. Paper 062071. 10 p.
Bainbridge DA. 2006b. Deep pipe irrigation. Holualoa (HI): Agroforestry Net Inc. 8p.
Bainbridge DA. 2006c. Irrigation for remote sites. San Diego (CA): San Diego State University, Soil Ecology and Restoration Group. Restoration Bulletin 6. 20 p.
Ballard TM. 1981. Physical properties and physical behavior of forest soils. In: Heilman PE, Anderson HW, Baumgartner DM, editors. Forest soils of the Douglas-fir region. Pullman (WA): Washtington State University Cooperative Extension Service. P. 113-120.
Barnar J. 2007. Personal communication. Bend (OR): USDA Forest Service, Bend Seed Extractory. Manager.
Barnum, S.A. 2003. Identifying the best locations to provide safe highway crossing opportunities for wildlife. In 2003 Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, edited by C. Leroy Irwin, Paul Garrett, and K.P. McDermott. Raleigh, NC: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, 2003. 246-252.
Barnum, S., K. Rinehart, and M. Elbroch. 2007. Habitat, highway features, and animal-vehicle collision locations as indicators of wildlife crossing. In Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, edited by C. Leroy Irwin, Debra Nelson, and K.P. McDermott. Raleigh, NC: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, 2007. 511-518.
Barvenik FW. 1994. Polyacrylamide characteristics related to soil applications. Soil Science 158(4): 235-243.
Basey AC, Fant JB, Kramer AT. 2015. Producing native plant materials for restoration: 10 rules to collect and maintain genetic diversity. Native Plants Journal 16(1):37-52.
Baskin JM, Baskin CC. 1989. Seasonal changes in the germination responses of buried seeds of Barbarea vulgaris. Canadian Journal of Botany 67:2131-2134.
Baxter E, Stephan E. 2011. Using biosolids to establish native grasses on timber haul roads. Learning Summary.
Bean TM, Smith SE, Karpiscak MM. 2004. Intensive revegetation in Arizona's hot desert - the advantages of container stock. Native Plants Journal 5(2):173-180.
Bedrossian TL. 1983. Watershed mapping in northern California. Californian Geology 36:140-147.
Beesley L, Moreno-Jimenez E, Gomex-Eyles, Harris E, Robinson B, Sizmur T. 2011. A review of biochars' potential role in the remediation, revegetation and restoration of contaminated soils. Environmental Pollution. 159 (2011) 3269-3282.
Bellot J, Ortiz De Urbina JM, Bonet A, Sanchez JR. 2002. The effects of tree shelters on the growth of Quercus coccifera L. seedlings in a semiarid environment. Forestry 75(1):89-106.
Bentrup G, Hoag JC. 1998. The practical streambank bioengineering guide. Aberdeen (ID): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center. 150 p.
Berger RL. 2005. Integrated roadside vegetation management. Washington (DC): Transportation Research Board. 80 p.
Bergez JE, Cupraz C. 1997. Transpiration rate of Prunus avium L. seedlings inside an unventilated treeshelter. Forest Ecology and Management 97:255-264.
Black SH, Shepherd M, Vaughan M. 2011. Rangeland management for pollinators. Rangelands 33(3):9-13.
Black SH, Fallon C, Hatfield R, Mazzacano, C. 2014. Controlled Burning and Mardon Skipper: Summary of Mardon Skipper Coon Mountain Burn Site Occupancy Study Data from 2009 to 2013. Report to the U.S. Forest Service, Oregon Zoo, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: 29.
Bloomfield HE, Handley JF, Bradshaw AD. 1982. Nutrient deficiencies and the aftercare of reclaimed derelict land. Journal of Applied Ecology 19:151-158.
Bogemams J, Nicrinck L, Stassart, JM. 1989. Effect of deicing chloride salts on ion accumulation in spruce (Picea abies (L.) sp.). Plant and Soil 113:3-11.
Bollen WB. 1974. Soil microbes. In: Cramer O, editor. Environmental effects of forest residues management in the Pacific Northwest. Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report PNW-24. p B1-B41.
Blomqvist G, Johansson EL, 1999. "Airborne spreading and deposition of deicing salt case study", Science of the Total Environment, 235, 161-168.
Bonar R. 1995. The northern pocket gopher-most of what you thought you might want to know, but hesitated to look up. Missoula (MT): USDA Forest Service, Technology and Development Program. Technical Services, Reforestation TE02E11. 61 p.
Borland J. 1990. Mulch-examining the facts and fallacies behind the uses and benefits of mulch. American Nurseryman 172(4):132-141.
Bouchard NR, Osmond DL, Winston RJ, Hunt WF. 2013. The capacity of roadside vegetated filter strips and swales to sequester carbon. Ecological Engineering. Vol 54:227-232.
Bower AD, St. Clair JB, Erickson V. 2014. Generalized provisional seed zones for native plants. Ecological Applications, 24(5), pp:913-919.
Bowman D, Cramer G, Devitt D. 2006. Effect of Salinity and Nitrogen Status on Nitrogen Uptake by Tall Fescue Turf. Journal of Plant Nutrition 29:1481-1490.
Bradshaw AD, Marrs RH, Roberts RD, Skeffington RA. 1982. The creation of nitrogen cycles in derelict land. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological 296:557-561.
Bradshaw AD. 1992. The reclamation of derelict land and the ecology of ecosystems. In: Jordan WR, Gilpin ME, Aber JD, editors. Restoration ecology: a synthetic approach to ecological restoration. Cambridge (England): Cambridge University Press. p. 53-74.
Brandle JR and Nickerson HD. 2017. Windbreaks for snow management. 4p.
Brant J, Henderson K, Uthe J. 2015. Integrated roadside vegetation management - technical manual. USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service and Iowa DOT's Living Roadway Trust Fund. 105 p.
Breed M, Stead M, Ottewell K, Gardner M, and Lowe A. 2013. Which provenance and where? Seed sourcing strategies for revegetation in a changing environment. Conservation Genetics. Vol 14:1-10.
Brejda JJ, Yocom DH, Moser LE, Waller SS. 1993. Dependence of 3 Nebraska Sandhills warm-season grasses on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. Journal of Range Management 46(1):14-20.
Brock TD. 2016. The Bradley method for control of invasive plants.
Brooks CR, Blaser RE. 1964. Effect of fertilizer slurries used with hydroseeding on seed viability. Washington (DC): Highway Research Board. Highway Research Record 53:30-34.
Brown JD. 2016. A field study of biochar amended soils: water retention and nutrient removal from stormwater runoff. Presented at 2016 US Biochar Initiative Conference. Corvallis OR. 29p.
Brown JE, Maddox JB, Splittstoesser WE. 1983. The effect of fertilizer and strip mine spoil on germination and growth of legumes. In: Graves DH, editor. Proceedings 1983 symposium on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology and reclamation. Lexington (KY): University of Kentucky. p 419-422.
Brown MB, Wolf DD, Morse RD, Neal JL. 1982. Survival of rhizobium inoculum in hydroseeding slurries. In: Graves DH, editor. Proceedings 1982 symposium on surface mining, hydrology, sedimentology and reclamation. Lexington (KY): University of Kentucky. p. 681-685.
Brown R, Amacher M. 1999. Selecting plant species for ecological restoration: a perspective for land managers. In: Holzworth LK, Brown R, compilers. Revegetation with native species: Proceedings, 1997 Society for Ecological Restoration annual meeting; 1997 November 12- 15; Ft Lauderdale, FL. Ogden (UT): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-8. p. 1-16.
Brown RN, Gores JH. 2011. The use of soil amendments to improve survival of roadside grasses. HortScience 46(10): 1404-1410.
Brunsden D, Prior DB. 1984. Slope instability. Chichester (UK): John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 620 p.
Brunzel S, Elligsen H, Frankl R. 2004. Distribution of the Cinnabar moth Tyria jacobaeae L. at landscape scale: use of linear landscape structures in egg laying on larval hostplant exposures. Landscape Ecology 19(1), 21-27.
Bryson GM, Barker AV. 2002. Sodium accumulation in soils and plants along Massachusetts roadsides. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 33(1-2), 67-78.
Brzozowski C. 2003. Carpets of grass [online]. Santa Barbara (CA): Forester Communications Inc, Erosion Control.
Brzozowski C. 2004. Hydroseeding: a versatile alternative [online]. Santa Barbara (CA): Forester Communications Inc, Erosion Control.
Burghardt KT, Tallamy DW, Shriver, WG. 2009. Impact of native plants on bird and butterfly biodiversity in suburban landscapes. Conservation Biology 23:219-224.
Burroughs Jr ER, King JG. 1989. Reduction of soil erosion on forest roads. Ogden (UT): USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. General Technical Report INT-264. 22 p.
Busse M. 2000. Ecological significance of nitrogen fixation by actinorrhizal shrubs in interior forests of California and Oregon. In: Powers RF, Hauxwell DL, Nakamura GM, technical coordinators. Proceedings of the California Forest Soils Council conference on forest soils biology and forest management. Albany (CA): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. General Technical Report GTR-PSW-178. p. 23-41.
Calderone NW. 2012. Insect pollinated crops, insect pollinators and US agriculture: trend analysis of aggregate data for the period 1992-2009. PLoS ONE 7(5) e37235.
California Department of Transportation [Caltrans]. 2003. Caltrans erosion control new technology report. Sacramento (CA): California Department of Transportation. CTSW-RT-03-049. 463 p.
California Stormwater Quality Association [CASQA]. 2003a. EC-3 Hydraulic mulch. In: Construction Handbook [online]. Menlo Park (CA): California Stormwater Quality Association. 3 p.
California Stormwater Quality Association [CASQA]. 2003b. EC-5 Soil binders. In: Construction Handbook [online]. Menlo Park (CA): California Stormwater Quality Association. 7 p.
Cane JH. 1991. Soils of ground-nesting bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea): texture, moisture, cell depth and climate. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society: 64(4): 406-413.
Campbell KB, Helgested E, Shaw EJ, Hawkes GR. 1980. Western fertilizer handbook. Sacramento (CA): California Fertilizer Association. 269 p.
Campbell RK. 1986. Mapped genetic variation of Douglas fir to guide seed transfer in southwest Oregon. Silvae Genetica 35:85-96.
Casement B and Timmermans J. 2007. Field shelterbelts for soil conservation. Agdex 277/20-3. 8p.
Carr WW, Ballard TM. 1979. Effects of fertilizer salt concentration on viability of seed and Rhizobium used for hydroseeding. Canadian Journal of Botany 57(7):701-704.
Carr WW, Ballard TM. 1980. Hydroseeding forest roadsides in British Columbia for erosion control. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 35(1):33-35.
Carson MA, Kirkby MJ. 1972. Hillslope form and process. London (UK): Cambridge University Press. 475 p.
Carvell C. 2002. Habitat use and conservation of bumble bees (Bombus spp.) under different grassland management regimes. Biological Conservation 103:33-49.
Center for Invasive Plant Management [CIPM]. nd. Chapter 8: Invasive plant prevention. In: Invasive plant management: CIPM online textbook. Bozeman (MT): Montana State University, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Center for Invasive Plant Management
Chaplin-Kramer R, Tuxen-Bettman K, Kremen C. 2011. Value of wildland habitat for supplying pollination services to Californian agriculture. Rangelands 33(3):33-41.
Charvat I, Tallaksen J, White J, Agwa H, Raley M, Slack S, Hebberger J, Gould E. 2000. Mycorrhizal/ plant factors involved in roadside reclamation. St Paul (MN): Minnesota Department of Transportation. Final Report - MN/RC-2000-30. 131 p.
Childs SW, Flint LE. 1987. Effect of shadecards, shelterwoods, and clearcuts on temperature and moisture environments. Forest Ecology and Management 18:205-217.
Claassen VP, Carey JL. 2004. Regeneration of nitrogen fertility in disturbed soils using composts. Compost Science and Utilization 12(2):145-152.
Claassen VP, Hogan MP. 1998. Generation of water-stable soil aggregates for improved erosion control and revegetation success. Sacramento (CA): California Department of Transportation. Research Technical Agreement 53X461. 111 p.
Claassen VP, Hogan MP. 2002. Soil nitrogen pools associated with revegetation of disturbed sites in the Lake Tahoe area. Restoration Ecology 10(2):195-203.
Claassen VP, Marler MM. 1998. Annual and perennial grass growth on nitrogen-depleted decomposed granite. Restoration Ecology 6(2):175-180.
Claassen VP, Zasoski RJ, Southard RJ. 1995. Soil conditions and mycorrhizal infection associated with revegetation of decomposed granite slopes. Sacramento (CA): California Department of Transportation. Technical Report FHWA-CA-TL 96/1. 151 p.
Claassen VP, Zasoski RJ. 1994. The effects of topsoil reapplication on vegetation reestablishment. Sacramento (CA): California Department of Transportation. Technical Report FHWA-CA-TL- 94/18. 52 p.
Claassen VP, Zasoski RJ. 1998. A comparison of plant available nutrients on decomposed granite cut slopes and adjacent natural soils. Land Degradation and Development 9:35-46.
Claassen VP. 2006. Soil resource evaluation. Sacramento (CA): California Department of Transportation.
Clark TW, Stevenson M, Ziegelmayer K, Rutherford M, editors. 2001. Species and ecosystem conservation: an interdisciplinary approach. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.
Cleary BD, Greaves RD, Hermann RK, editors. 1988. Regenerating Oregon forests, a guide for the regeneration forester. 5th printing. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University Extension Service. 287 p.
Clevenger, Anthony P., and Marcel P. Huijser. Wildlife Crossing Structure Handbook Design and Evaluation in North America. Lakewood Co.: U.S. Federal Highway Administration Central Federal Lands Highway Division, 2011. Print
Clevenger, A.P. and N. Waltho. 2000. Factors influencing the effectiveness of wildlife underpasses in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada. Conservation Biology, 14(1), 47-56.
Clevenger, A.P. and N. Waltho. 2005. Performance indices to identify attributes of highway crossing structures facilitating movement of large mammals. Biological Conservation 121:453-464.
Clewell A, Rieger J, Munro J. 2005. Guidelines for developing and managing ecological restoration projects. 2nd ed. Tuscon (AZ): Society for Ecologicial Restoration International.
Cole DW, Johnson D. 1981. The cycling of elements within forests. In: Heilman PE, Anderson HW, Baumgartner DM, editors. Forest soils of the Douglas-fir region. Pullman (WA): Washington State University Cooperative Extension Service. p. 185-198.
Composting Council Research and Education Foundation, United States Composting Council [CCREF and USCC]. 2006. Compost use on state highway applications. Harrisburg (PA): Composting Council Research and Education Foundation, United States Composting Council. 15 p.
Cook DF, Nelson SD. 1986. Effect of polyacrylamide on seedling emergence in crust-forming soil. Soil Science 141:328-333.
Corkiki L, Allen EB, Merhaut D, Allen MF, Downer J, Bohn J, Evans M. 2005. Effectiveness of commercial mycorrhizal inoculants on the growth of Liquidambar styraciflua in plant nursery conditions. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 23(2):72-96.
Cox TS, Glover JD, Van Tassel DL, Cox CM, DeHaan LR. 2006. Prospects for Developing Perennial Grain Crops. BioScience. Vol. 56 No.8. August 2006.
Crémieux, L, Bischoff A, Müller-Schärer H, Steinger T. 2010. Gene flow from foreign provenances into local plant populations: fitness consequences and implications for biodiversity restoration. American Journal of Botany. 97(1): 94-100.
Crowder W, Darris D. 1999. Producing Pacific Northwest native trees and shrubs in hardwood cutting blocks or stooling beds. Portland (OR): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Technical Notes-Plant Materials No 24. 13 p.
Croxton PJ, Hann JP, Greatorex-Davis JN, Sparks TH. 2005. Linear hotspots? The floral and butterfly diversity of green lanes. Biological Conservation 121:579-584.
Curtis MJ, Claassen VP. 2005. Compost incorporation increases plant available water in a drastically disturbed serpentine soil. Soil Science 170(12):13.
Dancer WS, Handley JF, Bradshaw AD. 1977. Nitrogen accumulation in kaolin mining wastes in Cornwall. I. Natural communities. Plant and Soil 48:153-167.
Dancer WS. 1975. Leaching losses of ammonium and nitrate in the reclamation of sand spoils in Cornwall. Journal of Environmental Quality 4(4):499-504.
Darboux F, Huang C. 2005. Does soil roughness increase or decrease water and particle transfer? Soil Science Society of America Journal 69:748-756.
Darris DC, Williams D. 2001. Native shrubs as a supplement to the use of willows as live stakes and facines in western Oregon and western Washington. In: Haase DL, Rose R, editors. Proceedings of the conference: native plant propagation and restoration strategies; 2001 Dec 12-13; Eugene, OR. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Nursery Technology Cooperative. p. 112-120.
Darris DC. 2002. Native shrubs as a supplement to the use of willows as live stakes and facines in western Oregon and western Washington. Portland (OR): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Technical Notes-Plant Materials No 31. 10 p.
Daugovish O, Downer J, Faber B, McGiffen M. 2006. Weed survival in yard waste mulch. Weed Technology 21(1):59-65.
Davies RJ. 1988a. Sheet mulching as an aid to broadleaved tree establishment. I. The effectiveness of various synthetic sheets compared. Forestry 61(2):89-105.
Davies RJ. 1988b. Sheet mulching as an aid to broadleaved tree establishment II. Comparison of various sizes of black polythene mulches and herbicide treated spot. Forestry 61(2):107-124.
DeByle NV. 1969. Black polyethylene mulch increases survival and growth of a Jeffrey pine plantation. Tree Planters' Notes 19(4):7-11.
Deere DU, Deere DW. 1988. The rock quality designation (RQD) index in practice. In: Kirkaldie L, editor. Rock classification systems for engineering purposes. Philadelphia (PA): American Society of Testing Materials. ASTM Special Publication 984. p. 91-101.
Denning C, Prellwitz R, Reneria R, Rose E. 1994. Parameters for stability analysis. In: Hall DE, Long MT, Remboldt MD, editors. Slope stability reference guide for national forests in the United States. Volume II. Washington (DC): USDA Forest Service, Engineering Staff. EM 7170-13. p. 327-721.
DePuit EJ, Coenenberg JG. 1979. Responses of revegetated coal strip mine spoils to variable fertilization rates, longevity of fertilization program, and season of seeding. Bozeman (MT): Montana State University, Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. Research Report 150. 81 p.
Di Pasquale G, Salignon M, Le Conte Y, Belzunces LP, Decourtye A, Kretzschmar A, Suchail S, Brunet J-L, Alaux C. 2013. Influence of pollen nutrition on honey bee health: do pollen quality and diversity matter. PLOS One 8(8): e72016.
Dirig R, Cryan JF. 1991. The status of silvery blue subspecies (Glaucopsyche lygdamus lygdamus and G. l. couperi: Lycaenidae) in New York. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 45(4):272-290.
Dixon RM, Carr AB. 2001a. Land imprinting specifications for ecological restoration and sustainable agriculture. In: Ascough JC II, Flanagan DC, editors. Soil erosion research for the 21st Century, proceedings of an international symposium; 2001 Jan 3-5; Honolulu, HI. St Joseph (MI): American Society of Agricultural Engineers. ASAE.701P0007. p. 195-197.
Dixon RM, Carr AB. 2001b. Preferential flow control: key to sustainable land management. In: Bosch D, King K, editors. Preferential flow water: movement and chemical transport in the environment, proceedings of the 2nd international symposium; 2001 Jan 3-5; Honolulu, HI. St Joseph (MI): American Society of Agricultural Engineers. ASAE.701P0006. p. 287-289.
Dixon RM, Simanton JR. 1977. A land imprinter for revegetation of barren land areas through infiltration control. IN Hydrology and water resources in Arizona and the southwester. Vol 7, p 79-88.
Dorner J. 2002. An introduction to using native plants in restoration projects. Seattle (WA): Plant Conservation Alliance and Environmental Protection Agency. 66 p.
Dreesen DR, Harrington JT. 1997. Propagation of native plants for restoration projects in the southwestern US-preliminary investigations. In: Landis TD, Thompson JR, technical coordinators. National proceedings, forest and conservation nursery associations. Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report PNW- GTR-419. p. 77-88.
Dumroese RK, Jacobs DF, Landis TD. 2005. Successful stock production for forest regeneration: what foresters should ask nursery managers about their crops (and vice versa). In: Colombo SJ, editor. The thin green line: a symposium on the state-of-the-art in reforestation, proceedings; 2005 July 26-28; Thunder Bay, Ontario. Sault Ste Marie (Ontario): Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Forest Research Information Paper 160:14-20.
Dumroese RK, Stumph T, Wenny DL. 1998. Revetating Idaho's Henry's Fork: a case study. In: Rose R, Haase DL, editors. Native plants: propagation and planting; 1998 Dec 9-10; Corvallis, OR. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Nursery Technology Cooperative. p. 108-112.
Dumroese RK., Landis TD; Barnett JP; Burch F. 2005. Forest Service Nurseries: 100 years of ecosystem restoration. Journal of Forestry: 241-247
Dumroese RK. 2006. Personal communication. Moscow (ID): USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station. Research Plant Physiologist.
Dupraz C, Bergez JE. 1997. Carbon dioxide limitation of the photosynthesis of Prunus avium L. seedlings inside an unventilated treeshelter. Forest Ecology and Management 119(1):89-97.
Dyer K, Curtis L, Willie R, Crews JT. 1984. Response of vegetation to various mulches used in surface mine reclamation in Alabama and Kentucky-7-year case history. Broomhall (PA): USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. General Technical Report NE-93. 11 p.
Eilers EJ, Kremen C, Greenleaf SS, Garber AK, Klein AM. 2011. Contribution of pollinator-mediated crops to nutrients in the human food supply. PLoS one 6(6)e21363.
Elzinga, CL, Salzer DW, Willoughby JW. 1998. Measuring and monitoring plant populations. Denver (CO): USDI Bureau of Land Management. BLM Technical Reference 1730-1. 492 p.
Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. 1994. A plain English guide to the EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule. EPA/832/H-93/003. EPA Office of Waste Management. 183p.
Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. 1995. Process design manual - land application of sewage sludge and domestic septage. EPA/625/R-95/001. 301 p.
Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. 2006. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Glossary Terms: "Final Stabilization." Washington (DC): US EPA, Office of Wastewater Management.
Epstein E. 1997. The science of composting. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press LLC. 487 p.
Epstein E. 2002. Land application of sewage sludge and biosolids. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press LLC. 201 p.
Erickson VJ, Mandel NL, Sorensen FC. 2004. Landscape pattern of phenotypic variation and population structuring in a selfing grass, Elymus glaucus (blue wildrye). Canadian Journal of Botany 82:1776-1789.
Erickson VJ, Wood J, Riley SA. 2003. Guidelines for revegetation of invasive weed sites and other disturbed areas on national forests and grasslands in the Pacific Northwest. Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 80 p.
Erickson VJ. 2008. Developing native plant germplasm for national forests and grasslands in the Pacific Northwest. Native Plants Journal 9:255-266.
Evans RG. 2006. Review of the application of polyacrylamides for soil erosion reduction through sprinklers. Sidney (MT): USDA Agricultural Research Service. 4 p.
Fava EM. 2015. Biosolids as a roadside soil amendment. Dissertations and Master's Theses (Campus Access) at the University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI.
Feber RE, Smith H, Macdonald DW. 1996. The effects on butterfly abundance of the management of uncropped edges of arable fields. Journal of Applied Ecology 33:1191-1205.
Federal Highway Administration [FHWA]. 1992. Drainable pavement systems - participant notebook. (Demonstration Project 87). Publication No. FHWA-SA-92-008. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
Federal Highway Administration [FHWA]. 2005. Project development and design manual (PDDM). Washington (DC): US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Publication Number FHWA-DF-88-003.
Federal Highway Administration [FHWA]. 2008. 2008 Status of the Nation's highways, bridges, and transit: conditions and performance. FHWA, Washington DC.
Federal Highway Administration [FHWA]. 2008(B). Vegetation Control for Safety - A guide for Local Highway and Street Maintenance Personnel. FHWA, Washington DC.
Federal Highway Administration [FHWA]. 2010. Carbon Sequestration Pilot Program, estimated land available for carbon sequestration in the National Highway System. 24 p.
Federal Highway Administration [FHWA]. 2012. Road Weather Management Program, Snow and Ice. Website updated November 2012.
Federal Highway Administration [FHWA]. � 2017. Clear Zones.
Federal Register [FR]. 2006. Rules and regulations. Federal Register 71(102). 2 p.
Federal Register [FR]. 2014. Presidential Memorandum - Creating a Federal Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators, The White House, Washington, D.C., June 20, 2014, Filed 6-23-14; 11:15 am, Federal Register Doc. 2014-14946.
Ferrick MG, Gatto LW. 2004. Quantifying the effect of a freeze-thaw cycle on soil erosion: laboratory experiments. Hanover (NH): US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. Letter Report A670134. 47 p.
Fidelibus MW, Bainbridge DA. 2006. Microcatchment water harvesting for desert revegetation [online]. San Diego (CA): San Diego State University, Soil Ecology and Restoration Group. Restoration Bulletin 5. 12 p.
Fiedler AK, Landis DA, Arduser M. 2012. Rapid shift in pollinator communities following invasive species removal. Restoration Ecology 20(5):593-602.
Fisher PR, Argo WR. 2005.� Electrical conductivity of growing media: why is it important?� Greenhouse Management and Production 25(5):54-58.� Scoggins HL, Nelson PV, Bailey DA.� 2000.� Development of the press extraction method for plug substrate analysis: effects of variable extraction force on pH, electrical conductivity, and nutrient analysis. HortTechnology 10(2):367-36.
Flint AL. 1983. Soil physical properties and available water capacity of southwest Oregon forest soils [MS thesis]. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University. 61 p.
Flint LE, Childs SW. 1984. Seedling responses to heat and moisture environments in clearcuts and shelterwoods. Forestry Intensified Research Report 6(2):3-4.
Foltz RB, Dooley JH. 2003. Comparison of erosion reduction between wood strands and agricultural straw. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 46(5):1389-1396.
Foltz, R.B.; Wagenbrenner, N.S. 2010. An evaluation of three wood shred blends for post-fire erosion control using indoor rain events on small plots. Catena. 80: 86-94. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2009.09.00.
Forman RTT, Alexander LE. 1998. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 207-231.
Forman RTT, editor. 2003. Road ecology: science and solutions. Washington (DC): Island Press. 481 p.
Frankie GW, Thorp GW, Schindler MH, Ertter B, Przybylski M. 2002. Bees in Berkeley? Fremontia 30(3-4):50-58.
Frearson K, Weiss ND. 1987. Improved growth rates within tree shelters. Quarterly Journal of Forestry 81:184-187.
Fredricksen RL, Harr RD. 1981. Soil, vegetation, and watershed management. In: Heilman PE, Anderson HW, Baumgartner DM, editors. Forest soils of the Douglas-fir region. Pullman (WA): Washington State University Cooperative Extension Service. p. 231-260.
Fifield JS. 2004. Designing for effective sediment and erosion control on construction sites - 2nd edition. Forester Press.
Fritzsche CJ. 1992. Calcium magnesium acetate deicer: An effective alternative for salt-sensitive areas. Water Environ Tech WAETEJ. 4(1), 44-51.
Froehlich HA, McNabb D. 1984. Minimizing soil compaction in the Pacific Northwest forests. In: Stone EL, editor. Forest soils and treatment impacts. Proceedings of the 6th North American Forest Soil Conference; 1983 June 19-23; Knoxville, TN. Knoxville (TN): University of Tennessee, Department of Forestry. p. 159-192.
Froehlich HA, Miles DWR. 1984. Winged subsoiler tills compacted forest soil. Forest Industries 111(2):42-43.
Froehlich HA, Robbins RW, Miles DWR, Lyons JK. 1983. Monitoring recovery of compacted skid trails in central Idaho. Contract 43-0256-2-543 [Special report for Payette National Forest]. Located at: Payette National Forest, McCall, ID.
Froese JC, Cruse RM, Ghaffarzadeh M. 1999. Erosion mechanics of soils with an impermeable subsurface layer. Soil Science Society of America Journal 63:1836-1841.
Fryrear DW and Skidmore EL. 1985. Chapter 24. Methods for controlling wind erosion. In Soil Erosion and Crop Productivity. ASA-CSSA-SSSA. P 443-457.
Fulbright TE. 1988. Effects of temperature, water potential, and sodium chloride on Indiangrass germination. J. Range Manage. 41:207-210.
Gade K.J. 2013. Freeways as Corridors for Plant Dispersal: A Case Study from Central Arizona. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation.
Gallai N, Salles J-M, Settele J, Vaissière BE. 2009. Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline. Ecological Economics 68: 810-821.
Gassman S. 2001. Hydraulic seeding: it's all in the slurry. Overland Park (KS): Grounds Maintenance.
Gatto LW, Ferrick MG, White KD. 2004. Inclusion of freeze-thaw-induced soil and bank erosion in CoE planning, engineering, O&M, and model development. Hanover (NH): US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. Technical Note 04-2. 5 p.
Gedney DS, Weber WG. 1978. Design and construction of soil slopes. In: Schuster RL, Krizek R, editors. Landslides, analysis and control. Washington (DC): National Research Council, Transportation Research Board Commission on Sociotechnical Systems. Special Report 176. p. 172-191.
Gelbard JL, Belnap J. 2003. Roads as conduits for exotic plant invasions in a semiarid landscape. Conservation Biology 17(2):420-432.
Ghazoul J. 2006. Floral diversity and the facilitation of pollination. Journal of Ecology 94:295-304.
Gibson DL and Carrington ME. 2007. Road salt germination inhibition of native plants used in roadside plantings. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science. Vol. 101, #1&2, p13-22.
Gifford GF. 1975. Beneficial and detrimental effects on range improvement practices on runoff and erosion. In: Watershed management, proceedings of a symposium conducted by the irrigation and drainage division of the American Society of Civil Engineers; 11-13 Aug 1975; Logan, UT. Reston (VA): American Society of Civil Engineers. p. 216-248.
Gjessing E, Lygren E, Berglind L, Gulbrandsen T, Skanne R. 1984. Effect of highway runoff on lake water quality. Science of the Total Environment 33:247-257.
Gobar C. 2006. Personal communication. Albuquerque (NM): USDA Forest Service. Forest Wildlife Biologist.
Goheen D. 2005. Personal communication. Medford (OR): USDA Forest Service. Zone Pathologist.
Goodrich, MS, Dulak LH, Freidman MA, Lech JJ. 1991. Acute and long-term toxicity of water- soluble cationic polymers to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykus) and the modification of toxicity by humic acid. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 10:509-551.
Gray DH, Leiser AT. 1982. Biotechnical slope protection and erosion control. Malabar (FL): Robert E Krieger Publishing Co. 271 p.
Greaves RD, Black HC, Hooven EF, Hansen EM. 1978. Plantation maintenance. In: Cleary BD, Greaves RD, Hermann RK, editors. Regenerating Oregon forests, a guide for the regeneration forester. 5th printing. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University Extension Service. p. 187-203.
Greaves RD, Hermann RK. 1978. Planting and seeding. In: Cleary BD, Greaves RD, Hermann RK, editors. Regenerating Oregon forests, a guide for the regeneration forester. 5th printing. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University Extension Service. p. 131-161.
Grismer ME, Hogan MP. 2004. Simulated rainfall evaluation of revegetation/mulch erosion control in the Lake Tahoe Basin - 1: method assessment. Land Degradation Development 15:1-16.
Grismer ME, Hogan MP. 2007. Simulated rainfall evaluation at Sunriver and Mt Bachelor Highways, Oregon. Report to WFHLD. 8 p.
Grismer ME, Hogan MP, Steinfeld DE. 2011. Highway 35 treatment slopes and bio-retention steps monitoring plan: 1 laboratory column analyses. Integrated Environmental Restoration Services. 18 p.
Grubb B. 2007. Personal communication. Fort Collins (CO): Colorado State Forest Service Nursery. Nursery Grower.
Grubb PJ. 1977. The maintenance of species richness in plant communities and the importance of the regeneration niche. Biological Reviews 52:107-145.
Guinon M. 1993. Promoting gene conservation through seed and plant procurement. In: Landis TD, editor. Proceedings, Western Forest Nursery Association; 1992 Sept 14-18; Fallen Leaf Lake, CA. Fort Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report RM-221. p. 38-46.
Gustafson DJ, Gibson DJ, Nickrent DL. 2005. Using local seeds in prairie restoration - data support the paradigm. Native Plant Journal 6(1):25-28.
Habte M, Osorio NW. 2001. Arbuscular mycorrhizas: producing and applying arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum. Honolulu (HI): University of Hawaii, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. 48 p.
Haddad NM. 1999. Corridor and distance effects on interpatch movements: a landscape experiment with butterflies. Ecological Applications 9:612-622.
Haddad NM, Baum KA. 1999. An experimental test of corridor effects on butterfly densities. Ecological Applications 9:623-633.
Haferkamp MR, Miller RF, Sneva FA. 1985. Seeding rangelands with a land imprinter and rangeland drill in the Palouse vegetative prairie and sagebrush-bunchgrass zone. In: 39th annual report, vegetative rehabilitation and equipment workshop; 1985 February 10-11; Salt Lake City, UT. Missoula (MT): USDA Forest Service, Missoula Equipment Development Center. p. 19-22.
Halbritter DA, Daniels, JC, Whitaker DC, Huang L. 2015. Reducing mowing frequency increases floral resource and butterfly (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea) abundance in managed roadside margins. Florida Entomologist 98(4): 1081-1092.
Hall DE, Long MT, Remboldt MD, editors. 1994. Slope stability reference guide for National Forests in the United States, Volume II. Moscow (ID): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. EM-7170-13.
Hall FC. 2002a. Photo point monitoring handbook: part A - field procedures. Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report PNW-GTR- 526. p. 1-48.
Hall FC. 2002b. Photo point monitoring handbook: part B - concepts and analysis. Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report PNW-GTR- 526. p. 49-134.
Hamm PB, Campbell SJ, Hansen EM, editors. 1990. Growing healthy seedlings: identification and management of pests in northwest forest nurseries. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory. Special Publication 19. 110 p.
Hansen MJ, Clevenger AP. 2005. The influence of disturbance and habitat on the presence of non-native plant species along transport corridors. Biological Conservation 125(2): 249-259.
Hanula JL, Horn S. 2011. Removing an invasive shrub (Chinese privet) increases native bee diversity and abundance in riparian forests of the southeastern United States. Insect Conservation and Diversity 4(4):275-283.
Harmon-Threatt AN, Kremen C. 2015. Bumble bees selectively use native and exotic species to maintain nutritional intake across highly variable and invaded local floral resource pools. Ecological Entomology: 4: 471-478.
Harper-Lore BL, Johnson M, and Ostrum WF. 2013. Vegetation Management: An Ecoregional approach. U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration.
Harrington JA, Meikle T. 1992. Road salt effects on the germination of eight select prairie species. Proceedings of the thirteenth North American prairie conference. Department of Parks and Recreation, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, 183-192.
Harper-Lore BL, Wilson M, editors. 2000. Roadside use of native plants. Washington (DC): Island Press. 665 p.
Hatchett B, Hogan M, Grismer M. 2006. Mechanical mastication thins Lake Tahoe forest with few adverse impacts. California Agriculture 60(2):77-82.
Hatfield RG, Jepsen S, Mader E, Black SH, Shepherd M. 2012. Conserving Bumble Bees, Guidelines for Creating and Managing Habitat for America's Declining Pollinators. 32 pp. Portland, OR: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation.
Hatfield RG and LeBuhn G. 2007. Patch and landscape factors shape community assemblage of bumble bees, Bombus spp. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), in montane meadows. Biological Conservation 139:150-158.
Hatfield RG, Colla SR, Jepsen S, Richardson LL, Thorp RW. 2015. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Assessments for North American Bombus spp. for the North American IUCN Bumble Bee Specialist Group. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, OR.
Havens K, Vitt P, Still S, Kramer A, Fant J, Schatz K. 2015. Seed sourcing for restoration in an era of climate change. Nature Areas Journal 35:122-133.
Havlin JL, Beaton JD, Tisdale SL, Nelson WL. 1999. Soil fertility and fertilizers, an introduction to nutrient management. 6th edition. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice-Hall Inc., 499 p.
Herrera CM. 1989. Pollinator abundance, morphology, and flower visitation rate: analysis of the "quantity" component in a plant-pollinator system. Oecologia, 80: 241-248.
Heilman P. 1981. Minerals, chemical properties, and fertility of forest soils. In: Heilman PE, Anderson HW, Baumgartner DM, editors. Forest soils of the Douglas-fir region. Pullman (WA): Washington State University Cooperative Extension Service. p. 121-136.
Helgerson OT, Newton M, deCalesta D, Schowalter T, Hansen E. 1992. Protecting young regeneration. In: Hobbs SD, Tesch SD, Owston PW, Stewart RE, Tappener II JC, Wells GE, editors. Reforestation practices in southwestern Oregon and northern California. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory. p. 384-420.
Helgerson OT. 1990. Heat damage in tree seedlings and its prevention. New Forests 3:17-42.
Henderson K. 2000. Integrating all the management tools: integrated roadside vegetation management. In: Harper-Lore BL, Wilson M, editors. Roadside use of native plants. Washington (DC): Island Press. p. 30-31.
Herrick JE, Van Zee JW, Havstad KM, Burkett LM, Whitford WG. 2005a. Monitoring manual for grassland, shrubland and savanna ecosystems, vol I: quick start. Las Cruces (NM): USDA Agricultural Research Service, Jornada Experimental Range. 36 p.
Herrick JE, Van Zee JW, Havstad KM, Burkett LM, Whitford WG. 2005b. Monitoring manual for grassland, shrubland and savanna ecosystems, vol II: design, supplementary methods and interpretation. Las Cruces (NM): USDA Agricultural Research Service, Jornada Experimental Range. 200 p.
Hoag JC, Simonson B, Cornforth B, St John L. 2001. Waterjet Stinger: a tool for planting dormant nonrooted cuttings. Native Plants Journal 2:84-89.
Hoag JC. 2003. Willow clump plantings. Boise (ID): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plant Materials Technical Note No. 42. 8 p.
Hoag JC. 2006a. Personal communication. Aberdeen (ID): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Aberdeen Plant Materials Center. Plant Ecologist and Wetland Specialist.
Hoag JC. 2006b. The pot planter: a new attachment for the Waterjet Stinger. Native Plants Journal 7(1): 100-101.
Hoag JC. 2007. Personal communication. Aberdeen (ID): USDA National Resource Conservation Service, Aberdeen Plant Materials Center. Plant Ecologist and Wetland Specialist.
Hobbs SD. 1982. Performance of artificially shaded container-grown Douglas-fir seedlings on skeletal soils. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory. Research Note 71. 5 p.
Hogan MP. 2007. Personal communication. Tahoe City (CA): Integrated Environmental Restoration Services. Consultant in revegetation.
Hopwood J, Black SH, Fleury S. 2016a. Pollinators and Roadsides: Best Management Practices for Managers and Decision Makers. 96 pp. Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration.
Hopwood J, Black SH, Fleury S. 2016b. Roadside Best Management Practices that Benefit Pollinators: Handbook for Supporting Pollinators through Roadside Maintenance and Landscape Design. 88 pp. Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration.
Hopwood J, Black SH, Lee-MÓ“der E, Charlap A. Preston R, Mozumder K, Fleury S. 2015. Literature Review: Pollinator Habitat Enhancement and Best Management Practices in Highway Rights-of-Way. 68 pp. Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration.
Hopwood JL, Winkler L, Deal B, Chivvis M. 2010. Use of roadside prairie plantings by native bees. Iowa Living Roadway Trust Fund Final Report 90-00-LRTF-011
Hopwood JL. 2008. The contribution of roadside grassland restorations to native bee conservation. Biological Conservation 141:2632-2640.
Horneck DA, Hart JM, Topper K, Koepsell B. 1989. Methods of soil analysis used in the soil testing laboratory at Oregon State University. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Agricultural Experiment Station. SM 89:4. 21 p.
Horning ME, McGovern TR, Darris DC, Mandel NL, Johnson R. 2010. Genecology of Holodiscus discolor (Rosaceae) in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. Restoration Ecology 18(2): 235-243.
Houseal G, Smith D. 2000. Source-identified seed: The Iowa roadside experience. Ecological Restoration 18(3):173-183.
Hufford KM, Mazer SJ. 2003. Plant ecotypes: genetic differentiation n the age of ecological restoration. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18:147-155.
Huijser, Marcel P. Wildlife-vehicle Collision Reduction Study: Report to Congress. McLean, VA: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2008. Print.
Huijser, Marcel P., Angela C. Kociolek, Tiffany D.H. Allen, Patrick McGowen, Patricia C. Cramer, and Marie Venner. 2015. Construction Guidelines for Wildlife Fencing and Associated Escape and Lateral Access Control Measures. NCHRP 25-25 Task 84.
Humbert J-Y, Ghazoul J, Sauter GJ, Walter T. 2010. Impact of different meadow mowing techniques on field invertebrates. Journal of Applied Entomology 134(7):592-599.
Huntzinger M. 2003. Effects of fire management practices on butterfly diversity in the forested western United States. Biological Conservation 113(1):1-12.
Indiana Department of Transportation, 2008. The Indiana Procedural Manual for Preparing Environmental Documents, Section II.B.3.f Context Sensitive Solutions, Indiana Department of Transportation (Bloomington, IN: Indiana Department of Transportation, 2008).
International Seed Testing Association [ISTA]. 1976. International rules for seed testing. Seed Science and Technology 4:4-180.
Jablonski B, Koltowsk Zi, Marcinkowski J, Rybak-Chmielewska H, Szczesna T, Warakomska Z. 1995. Zawartosc metali ciezkich [Pb, Cd, i Cu] w nektarze, miodzie i pylku pochodzacym z roslin rosnacych przy szlakach komunikacyjnych [The content of heavy metals (Pb, Cd and Cu) in the nectar, honey and pollen collected from roadside plants]. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe 39:129-144.
Jackson LE, Strauss RB, Bartolome JW. 1988. Plant and soil dynamics in California annual grassland. Plant and Soil 110:9-17.
Jacobs DF, Rose R, Haase DL, Alzugaray PO. 2004. Fertilization at planting impairs root system development and drought avoidance of Douglas-fir seedlings. Annals of Forest Science 61:643-651.
Jacobs DF, Steinbeck K. 2001. Tree shelters improve the survival and growth of planted Engelmann spruce seedlings in southwestern Colorado. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 16(3):114-120.
Jacobsen RL, Albrecht NJ, Bolin KE. 1990. Wildflower Routes: Benefits of a Management Program for Minnesota Right-of-Way Prairies. Proceedings of the Twelfth North American Prairie Conference 153-158.
Jasper DA, Roson AD, Aboot LK. 1979. Phosphorus and the formation of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 11:501-505.
Jenny H. 1980. The soil resource origin and behavior. Ecological Studies 37. 1st edition. New York (NY): Springer-Verlag Inc. 377 p.
Jepsen S, Schweitzer DF, Young B, Sears N, Ormes M, Black SH. 2015. Conservation status and ecology of Monarchs in the United States. 36 pp. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, and the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, Oregon.
Johnson GR, Stritch L, Olwell P, Lambert S, Horning ME, Cronn R. 2010. What are the best seed sources for ecosystem restoration on BLM and USFS lands? Native Plants Journal 11:117-131.
Johnson RC, Hellier BC, Vance-Borland KW. 2013. Genecology and seed zones for tapertip onion in the US Great Basin. Botany 91(10):686-694.
Johnson, AM. 2000. Best Practices Handbook on Roadside Vegetation Management. Minnesota Department of Transportation, Report # 2000-19, p. 78, University of Minnesota 132 p.
Johst, K., Drechsler M, Thomas J, Settele J. 2006. Influence of mowing on the persistence of two endangered large blue butterfly species. Journal of Applied Ecology 43(2):333-342.
Jones PH, Jeffrey BA, Watler PK, Hutchon H. 1992. Environmental Impact of Road Salting. In F. M. D'Itri (Ed.), Chemical deicers and the environment (pp. 1-116). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. P 1-116.
Kay BL, Evans RA, Young JA. 1977. Soaking procedures and hydroseeder damage to common bermudagrass seeds. Agronomy Journal 69(4):555-557.
Kay BL. 1972a. Hydro-seeding limitations and alternatives. Davis (CA): University of California Davis, Agronomy and Range Science. Agronomy Progress Report #43. 3 p.
Kay BL. 1972b. Revegetation of ski slopes and other disturbed mountain sites in California. Davis (CA): University of California Davis, Agronomy and Range Science. Agronomy Progress Report #42.
Kay BL. 1974. Erosion control treatments on coarse decomposed granite. Davis (CA): University of California Davis, Agronomy and Range Science. Agronomy Progress Report #60. 7 p.
Kay BL. 1978. Mulch and chemical stabilizers for land reclamation in dry regions. In: Schaller F, editor. Reclamation of drastically disturbed lands. Madison (WI): American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America. p. 467-483.
Kay BL.1983. Straw as an erosion control mulch. Davis (CA): University of California Davis, Agronomy and Range Science. Agronomy Progress Report #140. 11 p.
Kearns CA, Inouye DA, Waser NM. 1998. Endangered mutualisms: the conservation of plant-pollinator interactions. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics 29:83-113.
Keller G, Sherar J. 2003. Low-volume roads engineering: best management practices field guide. US AID and USDA Forest Service. 158 p.
Kemp PJ. 2006. Erosion control product acceptability lists for multi-modal applications. April 2006 edition. Madison (WI): Wisconsin Department of Transportation. 36 p.
Kerr JT, Pindar A, Galpern P, Packer L, Potts SG, Roberts, SM, Rasmont P, Schweiger P, Colla SR, Richardson LL, Wagner DL, Gall LF, Sikes DS, Pantoja A. 2015. Climate change impacts on bumblebees converge across continents. Science. 349(6244): 177-180.
Ketcheson GL, Megahan WF, King JG. 1999. "R1-R4" and "BIOSED" sediment prediction model tests using forest roads in granitics. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35(1):83-98.
Ketcheson GL, Megahan WF. 1996. Sediment production and downslope sediment transport from forest roads in granitic watersheds. Ogden (UT): USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. Research Paper INT-RP-486. 12 p.
Kill DL, Foote LE. 1971. Comparison of long and short-fibered mulches. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 14:942.
Kjelgren R, Montague DT, Rupp LA. 1997. Establishment in treeshelters. II. Effect of shelter color on gas exchange and hardiness. HortScience 32(7):1284-1287.
Klein, A. M., Vaissiere, B. E., Cane, J. H., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Cunningham, S. A., Kremen, C., & Tscharntke, T. 2007. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 274(1608):303-313.
Klock GO. 1981. Some engineering aspects of forest soils. In: Heilman PE, Anderson HW, Baumgartner DM, editors. Forest soils of the Douglas-fir region. Pullman (WA): Washington State University Cooperative Extension Service. p. 269-277.
Kloetzel S. 2004. Revegetation and restoration planting tools: an in-the-field perspective. Native Plants Journal 5(1):34-42.
Knapp EE, Rice KJ. 1994. Starting from seed: genetic issues in using native grasses for restoration. Restoration and Management Notes 12:40-45.
Kramer AT, Havens K. 2014. Plant conservation genetics in a changing world. Trends in Plant Science 14(11):599-607.
Kramer AT, Larkin DJ, Fant JB. 2015. Assessing potential seed transfer zones for five forb species from the Great Basin floristic region, USA. Natural Areas Journal. 35: 174-188.
Kruess A and Tscharntke T. 2002. Contrasting responses of plant and insect diversity to variation in grazing intensity. Biological Conservation 106(3):293-302.
Kruess A, Tscharntke T. 2002. Grazing intensity and the diversity of grasshoppers, butterflies, and trap-nesting bees and wasps. Conservation Biology 16:1570-80.Landis TD, 2009. The target plant concept. In: Dumroese RK, Luna T, Landis TD, editors. Nursery manual for native plants: A guide for tribal nurseries - Volume 1: Nursery Management. Washington (DC): USDA Forest Service. P. 15-31.
LaBar CC, Schultz CB. 2012. Investigating the role of herbicides in controlling invasive grasses in prairie habitats: effects on non-target butterflies. Natural Areas Journal 32(2):177-189.
Landis, TD, Dumroese RK. 2006. Monitoring Electrical Conductivity in Soils and Growing Media. Forest Nursery Notes, Summer 2006. R6-CP-TP-04-2006. USDA-Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region:6-10.
Landis TD. 2011. Using organic fertilizers in forest and native plant nurseries. Forest Nursery Notes 31(2): 1-17.
Landis T, Tinus RW, McDonald SE, Barnett JP. 1989. The biological component: nursery pests and mycorrhizae. The container tree nursery manual. Vol 5. Washington (DC): USDA Forest Service. Agricultural Handbook 674. 171 p.
Landis T, Tinus RW, McDonald SE, Barnett JP. 1994. Nursery planning, development, and management. The container tree nursery manual. Vol 1. Washington (DC): USDA Forest Service. Agricultural Handbook 674. 188 p.
Landis TD, Dumroese RK, Haase D. 2010. Seedling processing, storage and outplanting, volume 7, the container tree nursery manual In: Luna T, Dumroese RK, editors. Nursery manual for native plants: a guide for tribal nurseries. Washington (DC): USDA Agricultural Handbook. 199 p.
Landis TD, Steinfeld D, Watson R. 2002. The long tube stocktype and expandable stinger. Forest Nursery Notes R6-CP-TP-06-01. p. 15-17.
Landis TD, Steinfeld DE. 1990. Salt injury. In: Hamm PB, Campbell SJ, Hansen EM, editors. Growing healthy seedlings: identification and management of pests in northwest forest nurseries. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory. p. 83-86.
Landis TD. 1981. Irrigation water quality in tree nurseries in the inland west. In: Huber RF, editor. Proceedings of the 1981 Intermountain Nurserymen's Association meeting; 1981 Aug 11-13; Edmonton, Alberta. Edmonton (Alberta): Canadian Forestry Service, Northern Forest Research Centre. Information Report NOR-X-241. p. 60-67.
Landis TL, Dreesen DR, Dumroese RK. 2003. Sex and the single Salix: considerations for riparian restoration. Native Plants Journal 4(2):111-117.
Lavelle M. 2014. Hitting the road this summer? Take a closer look at the blur of the roadside shrubbery and grass. It soaks up a lot of carbon. With better management, it could soak up a lot more. The Daily Climate - July 25, 2014.
Laycock WA, Richardson BZ. 1975. Long-term effects of pocket gopher control on vegetation and soils of a subalpine grassland. Journal of Range Management 28(6):458-462.
Leger, E. A. 2008. The adaptive value of remnant native plants in invaded communities: an example from the Great Basin. Ecological Applications 18: 1226-1235.
Leharne S, Charesworth D, Chowdhry B. 1992. A survey of metal levels in street dusts in an inner London neighbourhood. Environment International 18:263-270.
Lesica, P., Allendorf.FW. 1999. Ecological genetics and the restoration of plant communities: mix or match? Restoration Ecology 7:42-50.
Lewis L. 2000. Soil bioengineering, an alternative for roadside management-a practical guide. San Dimas (CA): USDA Forest Service, San Dimas Technology and Development Center. Technical Report 0077 1801 - SDTDC. 44 p.
Ley TW, Stevens RG, Topielec RR, Neibling WH. 1994. Soil water monitoring and measurement [online]. Pullman (WA): Washington State University. Pacific Northwest Publication PNW0475.
Linhart YB. 1995. Restoration, revegetation, and the importance of genetic and evolutionary perspectives. In: Roundy BA, McArthur ED, Haley JS, Mann DK, editors. Proceedings, Wildland shrub and arid land restoration symposium, 1993 October 19-21; Las Vegas, NV. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report. INT-GTR-315. p. 271-287.
Linsley EG. 1958. The ecology of solitary bees. Hilgardia 27:543-599.
Louda SM, Kendall C, Connor J, Simberloff D. 1997. Ecological effects of an insect introduced for the biological control of weeds. Science 277:1088-1090.
Louis Berger Group. 2011. Implementing Measures to Reduce Highway Impacts on Habitat Fragmentation. NCHRP 25-25 Task 68.
Lövei GL, Macleod A, Hickman JM. 1998. Dispersal and effects of barriers on the movement of the New Zealand hover fly Melanostoma fasciatum (Dipt., Syrphidae) on cultivated land. Journal of Applied Entomology 122(1-5), 115-120.
Lowenstein H, Ptikin FH. 1970. Ponderosa pine transplants aided by black plastic mulch in Idaho plantation. Tree Planters' Notes 21(4):23-24.
Luce CH. 1997. Effectiveness of road ripping in restoring infiltration capacity of forest roads. Restoration Ecology 5(3):265-270.
Lyles L, Krauss RK. 1971. Threshold velocities and initial particle motion as influenced by air turbulence. Tans. ASAE 14:563-566.
Mackay DB. 1972. The measurement of viability. In: Roberts EH, editor. Viability of seeds. Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University Press. p. 172-208.
Mader E, Spivak M, Evans E. 2010. Managing Alternative Pollinators: A Handbook for Beekeepers, Growers, and Conservationists. Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, Handbook 11. College Park, MD: University of Maryland, Sustainable Agriculture Research and Extension and Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, Natural Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service.
Mallams K. 2006. Personal communication. Central Point (OR): USDA Forest Service, J Herbert Stone Nursery. Zone pathologist.
Margulis L, Sagan D, Thomas L. 1997. Microcosmos: four billion years of evolution from our microbial ancestors. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press. 304 p.
Martin L, Pezeshki SR, Shields Jr FD. 2005. Soaking treatment increases survival of black willow posts in a large-scale field study. Ecological Restoration 23(2):95-98.
Massu L. 2005. Common control measures for invasive plants of the Pacific Northwest. In: USDA Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region invasive plant program: preventing and managing invasive plants. Final Environmental Impact Statement. Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. R6-NR-FHP-PR-02-05.
Mast B. 2007. Personal communication. Richland (WA): Wildlands Inc. President.
Maxwell WG, Ward FR. 1976a. Photo series for quantifying forest residues in the coastal Douglas-fir-hemlock type and coastal Douglas-fir-hardwood type. Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report PNW-51. 103 p.
Maxwell WG, Ward FR. 1976b. Photo series for quantifying forest residues in the ponderosa pine type, ponderosa pine and associated species type, lodgepole pine type. Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report PNW-52. 73 p.
Maxwell WG, Ward FR. 1979. Photo series for quantifying forest residues in the Sierra mixed conifer type, Sierra true fir type. Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report PNW-95. 79 p.
McCreary DD, Tecklin J. 1997. Effects of seedling protectors and weed control on blue oak growth and survival. In: Pillsbury NH, Verner J, Tietje WD, technical coordinators. Proceedings of a symposium on oak woodlands: ecology, management, and urban interface issues; 1996 March 19-22; San Luis Obispo, CA. Albany (CA): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-160.
McDonald PM, Helgerson OT. 1991. Mulches aid in regenerating California and Oregon forests: past present and future. Berkeley (CA): USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report PSW-123. 19 p.
McDonald SE. 1984. Irrigation in forest-tree nurseries: monitoring and effects on seedling growth. In: Duryea ML, Landis TD, editors. Forest nursery manual: production of bareroot seedlings. Boston (MA): Martinus Nijhoff/Dr E Junk Publishers. p. 107-121.
McElroy GH, Dawson WM. 1986. Biomass from short-rotation coppic willow on marginal land. Biomass 10:255-240.
McFrederick QS, Kathilankal JC, Fuentes JD. 2008. Air pollution modifies floral scent trails. Atmospheric Environment 42(10):2336-2348.
McGinnies WJ, Crofts KA. 1986. Effects of N and P fertilizer placement on establishment of seeded species on redistributed mine topsoil. Journal of Range Management 39:118-121.
McGregor SE. 1976. Insect pollination of cultivated crop plants. USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 496.
McKay JK, Christian CE, Harrison S, Rice KJ. 2005. "How local is local?" - A review of practical and conceptual issues in the genetics of restoration. Restoration Ecology. 13:432-440.
McLean EO. 1973. Testing soils for pH and lime requirement. In: Walsh LM, Beaton JD, editors. Soil testing and plant analysis. Madison (WI): Soil Science Society of America. p. 77-95.
McKenna DD, McKenna KM, Malcom SB, Berenbaum MR. 2001. Mortality of Lepidoptera along roadways in central Illinois. Journal of the Lepidopterists Society 55(2):63-68.
McLendon T, Redente EF. 1992. Effects of nitrogen limitation on species replacement dynamics during early succession on a semiarid sagebrush site. Oecologia 91:312-317.
Megahan WF. 1974. Deep-rooted plants for erosion control on granitic road fills in the Idaho Batholith. Ogden (UT): USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. Research Paper INT-161. 18 p.
Memmott J, Waser NM. 2002. Integration of alien plants into a native flower-pollinator visitation web. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 269:2395-2399.
Menz MH, Phillips RD, Winfree R, Kremen C, Aizen MA, Johnson SD, Dixon KW. 2011. Reconnecting plants and pollinators: challenges in the restoration of pollination mutualisms. Trends in Plant Science 16(1):4-12.
Meyer LD, Wischmeier WH, Daniel WH. 1971. Erosion, runoff, and revegetation of denuded construction sites. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 14:138-141.
Mijnsbruggea KV, Bischoff A, Smith B. 2010. A question of origin: Where and how to collect seed for ecological restoration. Basic and Applied Ecology. 11(4): 300-311.
Michener CD. 2007. The Bees of the World, 2nd Ed. 992 pp. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Millar CI, Libby WJ. 1989. Disneyland or native ecosystem: genetics and the restorationist. Restoration and Management Notes 7(1):18-24.
Miller RM, Jastrow JD. 1992. The application of VA mycorrhizae to ecosystem restoration and reclamation. In: Allen MF, editor. Mycorrhizal functioning: an integrative plant-fungal process. New York (NY): Chapman and Hall. p. 438-467.
Miller RM, May SW. 1979. Below-ground ecosystems project. In: Land Reclamation Program: annual report 1978. Argonne (IL): Argonne National Laboratory. ANL/LRP 5. p. 64-70.
Minnerath A, Vaughan M, Lee-Mader E. 2016. Maritime Northwest citizen science monitoring guide native bees & butterflies. Xerces Society. 60p.
Minore D. 1971. Shade benefits Douglas-fir in southwestern Oregon cutover area. Tree Planters' Notes 22(1):22-23.
Mok, J-H. Landphair, H.C., and Naderi, J.R., Landscape Improvement Impacts on Roadside Safety in Texas, Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 78, 2006, pp. 263-274.
Monsen SB, Stevens R. 2004. Seedbed preparation and seeding practices. In: Monsen SB, Stevens R, Shaw NL, compilers. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. Fort Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-136 - volume 1. p. 121-154.
Montalvo AM, Williams SL, Rice KJ, Buchmann SL, Cory C, Handel SN, Nabhan GP, Primack R, Robichaux RH. 1997. Restoration biology: a population biology perspective. Restoration Ecology 5: 277-290.
Morgan JP. 1994. Soil impoverishment: a little-known technique holds potential for establishing prairie. Restoration and Management Notes 12:55-56.
Morandin LA, Kremen C. 2013a. Bee preference for native versus exotic plants in restored agricultural hedgerows. Restoration Ecology 21(1):26-32.
Morandin LA, Kremen C. 2013b. Hedgerow restoration promotes pollinator populations and exports native bees to adjacent fields. Ecological Applications 23(4):829-839.
Morgenson G. 2007. Personal communication. Bismark (ND): Lincoln-Oakes Nurseries. Nursery Manager.
MoroÅ„ D, Szentgyorgyi H, Grzes Ì I, Wantuch M, Rozej E, Laskowski R, Woyciechowski M. 2010. The effect of heavy metal pollution on development of wild bees. Atlas of Biodiversity Risks - From Europe to the Globe, From Stories to Maps (eds Settele J, Penev LD, Georgiev TA, Grabaum R, Grobelnik V, Hammen V et al.), pp. 224-225. Pensoft, Sofia & Moscow.
Mulder C, Aldenberg T, de Zwart D, van Wijnen HJ, Breure AM. 2005. Evaluating the impact of pollution on plant-Lepidoptera relations. Environmetrics 16:357-373.
Munguira ML, Thomas JA. 1992. Use of road verges by butterfly and burnet populations, and the effect of roads on adult dispersal and mortality. Journal of Applied Ecology 29:316-329.
Munshower FF. 1994. Practical handbook of disturbed land revegetation. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 265 p.
National Research Council [NRC]. 2005. Assessing and managing the ecological impacts of paved roads. Washington (DC): National Academies Press. 294 p.
National Research Council [NRC]. 2007. Status of pollinators in North America. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 312 p.
[NRCS] USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1994. Planning and design manual for the control of erosion, sediment, and stormwater. 1st edition [online]. Mississippi State (MS): Mississippi State University, Agricultural and Biological Engineering.
National Roadside Vegetation Management Association [NRVMA]. 1997. How to develop and implement an integrated roadside vegetation management program - a guide for township, city, county, parish, state, turnpike and other roadside authorities. 48 p.
Ne'eman GA, Dafni A, Potts SG. 2000. The effect of fire on flower visitation rate and fruit set in four core-species in east Mediterranean scrubland. Plant Ecology 146:97-104.
Neufeld J, Davison J. 2000. Practical considerations when selecting a soil testing laboratory for an educational program [online]. Journal of Extension 38(4). 9 p.
Nieminen MN, Nuorteva P, Tulisalo E. 2001. The effect of metals on the mortality of Parnassius apollo larvae (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Journal of Insect Conservation 5(1):1-7.
Nitrogen-Fixing Tree Association Staff [NFTA]. 1986. Actinorrhizal trees useful in cool to cold regions. In: NFT Highlights: a quick guide to useful nitrogen-fixing trees from around the world. Morrilton (AR): Winrock International.
Norcini JG, Thetford M, Klock-Moore KA, Bell ML, Harbaugh BK, and Aldrich JH. 2001. Growth, Flowering, and Survival of Black-eyed Susan from Different Regional Seed Sources. HortTechnology 11(1): 26-30.
Norland MR. 2000. Use of mulches and soil stabilizers for land reclamation. In: Barnhisel RI, Darmody RG, Daniels WL, editors. Reclamation of drastically disturbed lands. Madison (WI): American Society of Agronomy. Agronomy Monograph 41. p. 645-666.
Nursery Technical Cooperative [NTC]. 2004. Nursery Technical Cooperative 2003-2004 Annual Report. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Department of Forest Science.
Oberts GL. 1986. Pollutants associated with sand and silt applied to roads in Minnesota. Water Resources Bulletin 22:479-483.
Odum EP. 1971. Fundamentals of ecology. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders Co. 574 p.
Ollerton J, Winfree R, Tarrant S. 2011. How many flowering plants are pollinated by animals? Oikos 120:321-326
Onstad CA, Wolfe ML, Larson CL, Slack DC. 1984. Tilled soil subsidence during repeated wetting. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 27:733-736.
Oregon Department of Transportation [ODOT]. 2013. ODOT Integrated Vegetation Management Statewide Plan. 12p.
Ottewell KM, Donnellan SC, Lowe AJ, Paton DC. 2009. Predicting reproductive success of insect-versus bird-pollinated scattered trees in agricultural landscapes. Biological Conservation 142(4):888-898.
Ouin, A., S. Aviron, J. Dover, and F. Burel. 2004. Complementation/supplementation of resources for butterflies in agricultural landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 103:473-479.
Ozores-Hampton M, Obreza TA, Stoffella PJ, Fitzpatrick G. 2002. Immature compost suppresses weed growth under greenhouse conditions. Compost Science & Utilization 10(2):105-113.
Ozores-Hampton M. 1998. Compost as an alternative weed control method. HortScience 33(6):938-940.
Page HN, Bork EW. 2005. Effect of planting season, bunchgrass species, and neighbor control on the success of transplants for grassland restoration. Restoration Ecology 13(4):651-658.
Page I. 1977. Improving the efficiency of ripping. Rotorua (New Zealand): Forest Industries Review. Forest Research Institute. p. 7- 13.
Palmer JP. 1990. Nutrient cycling: the key to reclamation success. In: Chambers JD, Wade GL, editors. Evaluating reclamation success: the ecological consideration-proceedings of a symposium; 1990 Apr 23-26; Charleston, WV. Radnor (PA): USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. General Technical Report NE-164. p. 27-36.
Palumbo AV, McCarthy JF, Amonette JE, Fisher LS, Wullschleger SD, Daniels WL. 2004. Prospects for enhancing carbon sequestration and reclamation of degraded lands with fossil-fuel combustion by-products. Advances in Environmental Research. 8:425-438.
Parent V, Koenig R. 2003. Solutions to soil problems. I. High salinity (soluble salts). Logan (UT): Utah State University Extension. AG/Soils/2003-01. 2 p.
Parmesan C. 2006. Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. Vol 37:637-669.
Parmesan C. 2007. Influences of species, latitudes and methodologies on estimates of phenological response to global warming. Global Change Biology. 13:1860-1872.
Parmesan C and Yohe G. 2003. A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature. Vol 421:37-42.
Parr TW and Way JM. 1988. Management of roadside vegetation: the long-term effects of cutting. Journal of Applied Ecology 25:1073-1087.
Parsons Brinckerhoff, 2014. Appendix U Illiana Corridor Sustainability and Context Sensitive Solutions Technical Report, Illinois Department of Transportation and Indiana Department of Transportation, June 2014, pp.44.
Pellett NE, Heleba DA. 1995. Chopped newspaper for weed control in nursery crops. Environmental Horticulture 13(2):77-81.
Penny GM, Neal JC. 2003. Light, temperature, seed burial, and mulch effects on mulberry weed (Fatoua villosa) seed germination. Weed Technology 17(2):213-218.
Perugini M, Manera M, Grotta L, Cesarina Abete M, Tarasco R, Amorena M. 2011. Heavy metal (Hg, Cr, Cd, and Pb) contamination in urban areas and wildlife reserves: honeybees as bioindicators. Biological Trace Element Research 140(2):170-176.
Peterson, D. 2002. Hydrophilic polymers - effects and uses in the landscape. Restoration and Reclamation Review. Vol 7S. 16 p.
Pezeshki SR, Brown CE, Elcan JM, Shields Jr FD. 2005. Responses of non-dormant black willow (Salix nigra) cuttings to pre-planting soaking and soil moisture. Restoration Ecology 13:1-7.
Pezeshki SR, Shields FD. 2006. Black willow cutting survival in streambank plantings, southeastern United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 42(1):191-200.
Pill WG, Frett JJ, Williams IH. 1997. Matric priming of Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue seeds benefits seedling emergence. HortSci 32:1061-1063.
Pill WG, Nesnow DS. 1999. Germination of hydro-seeded Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in response to seed agitation in the tank. Journal of Turfgrass Management 3(2):59-67.
Poff RJ. 1996. Effects of silvicultural practices and wildfire on productivity of forest soils. In: Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress. Vol II. Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis (CA): University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources. p. 477-493.
Polster DF. 1997. Restoration of landslides and unstable slopes: considerations for bioengineering in interior locations. In: Proceedings of the 21st Annual British Columbia Mine reclamation symposium; 1997 Sept 22-25; Cranbrook, BC. Victoria (BC): British Columbia Technical Research Committee on Reclamation. p. 153-166.
Ponisio LC, M'Gonigle LK, Kremen C. 2015. On-farm habitat restoration counters biotic homogenization in intensively managed agriculture. Global Change Biology 22(2): 704-715.
Potts SG, Biesmeijer JC, Kremen C, Neumann P, Schweiger O, Kunin WE. 2010. Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 25(6): 345-353.
Potts SG, Vulliamy B, Dafni A, Ne'eman G, Willmer PG. 2003. Linking bees and flowers: how do floral communities structure pollinator communities? Ecology 84:2628-2642.
Potts SG, Vulliamy B, Roberts S, O'Toole C, Dafni A, Ne'eman G, Willmer PG. 2005. Role of nesting resources in organizing diverse bee communities in a Mediterranean landscape. Ecological Entomology 30(1):78-85.
Powell D, Urban C, Johnson C. 1998. Personal communication. Baker City (OR): USDA Forest Service. Forest Silviculturist, Forest Botanist, Area Ecologist.
Preiadjati A, Smits WTM, Tolkamp GW. 2001. Vegetative propagation to assure a continuous supply of plant material for forest rehabilitation. In: Hillegers PJM, de Longh HH. The balance between biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of tropical rain forests: workshop proceedings; 1999 Dec 6-8; Balikpapan, Kalimantan, Indonesia. p. 19-30.
Proudfoot J, Ponder D, Tindall D, Wysocki D. 2015. Guidebook for Designing and Managing Rights-of-Way for Carbon Sequestration and Biomass Generation. National Cooperative Highway Research Program. Report 804. 55p.
Quarles III HD, Hanawalt RB, Odum WE. 1974. Lead in small mammals, plants, and soil at varying distances from a highway. Journal of Applied Ecology: 937-949.
Racey GD, Raitanen E. 1983. Seedling development as affected by fibre and straw mulching at midhurst Nursery. Ottawa (Ontario): Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Forest Resources Branch. Nursery Notes 94. 5 p.
Rauch N. 2006. Personal communication. Bend (OR): USDA Forest Service Bend Seed Extractory, Seed Extractory Assistant Manager.
Rauzi F, Tresler RL. 1978. A preliminary report on herbage yields, stand evaluation, soils, and chemical content of selected grasses and a legume grown on topsoil, White River and Wind River geologic materials. Laramie (WY): University of Wyoming, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station. Research Journal 124.
Reeder JD, Sabey B. 1987. Nitrogen. In: Williams RD, Schuman GE, editors. Reclaiming mine soils and overburden in the Western United States. Ankeny (IA): Soil and Water Conservation Society. p. 155-184.
Rehfeldt, GE. 1994. Evolutionary genetics, the biological species, and the ecology of the Interior cedar-hemlock forests. Pages 93-100 in: Proceedings of the interior cedar-hemlock-white pine forests: ecology and management. 1993 March 2-4; Spokane, WA. Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
Resource Efficient Agricultural Production Canada [REAP Canada]. 1991. Effects of carbon addition on nitrogen fixation and P nutrition of hairy vetch and following crops. In: Abboud A, Patriquin DG. Processes involved in mobilization of P in different farming systems in Southwestern Ontario: nutrient levels in plant tissues and soils. Harrow (ON): Agriculture Canada Ecological Services for Planning. Report to Canada-Ontario SWEEP (Soil and Water Enhancement Program), SWEEP Report #23 from REAP-Canada. p. 22-24.
Re-Sourcing Associates, Inc, CPM Consultants Inc. 1997. Wood waste recovery: size reduction technology study. EPA Report No. CDL-97-3. 66 p.
Reuter JE, Jassby AD, Marjanovic P, Heyvaert Heyvaert AC, Goldman CR. 1998. Preliminary phosphorus and nitrogen budgets for Lake Tahoe. In: Annual Progress Report 1998, Lake Clarity and Watershed Modelling, Presidential Deliverable for Lake Tahoe, USEPA Water and Watershed Grant; 1998 July 18; Tahoe Research Group, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Davis (CA): University of California, John Muir Institute for the Environment.
Robichaud PR, Ashmun LE, Foltz RB, Showers CG, Groenier JS, Kesler J, DeLeo C, Moore M. 2013. Production and aerial application of wood shreds as a post-fire hillslope erosion mitigation treatment. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-307. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 31 p.
Rice RM. 1982. Sedimentation in the chaparral: How do you handle unusual events?, in: Sediment Budgets and Routing in Forested Drainage Basins, edited by F. J. Swanson and others. Forest Service, U.S. Dep. Agric., Washington, D. C. pp 39-49.
Ries L, Debinski DM, Wieland ML. 2001. Conservation value of roadside prairie restoration to butterfly communities. Conservation Biology 15:401-411.
Riley L, Steinfeld D, Riley S. 2013. Effects of polyacrylamide crystals on seedling establishment and growth of native species when applied to soils of highly disturbed sites. Internal report to WFHLD. 24 p.
Riley S. 1999. Proposal to cage shrubs [Internal memo Umatilla National Forest]. Located at: Umatilla National Forest, Pendleton, OR. 10 p.
Ritchie GA. 1985. Root growth potential: principles, procedures and predictive ability. In: Duryea ML, editor. Proceedings - evaluating seedling quality: principles, procedures and predictive ability of major tests; 1984 Oct 16-18; Corvallis, OR. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory. p. 93-104.
Robidoux PY, Delisle CE. 2001. Ecotoxicological evaluation of three deicers (NaCl, NaFo, CMA)-effect on terrestrial organisms. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 48(2), 128-139.
Rose R, Haase DL, Boyer D. 1995. Organic matter management in forest nurseries: theory and practice. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Nursery Technology Cooperative. 65 p.
Rose R. 2002. Slow release fertilizers 101. In: Dumroese RK, Riley LE, Landis TD, technical coordinators. National proceedings: forest and conservation nursery associations-1999, 2000, and 2001. Ogden (UT): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-24. p. 304-308.
Rose R. 2004. Comparison among soil and tissue testing laboratories. In: Nursery Technology Cooperative, 2003-2004 Annual Report. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Department of Forest Science. p. 39-47.
Ross DJ, Cairns A. 1981. Nitrogen availability and microbial biomass in stockpiled topsoils in Southland. New Zealand Journal of Science 24:137.
Rossi P. 1999. Length of cuttings in establishment and production of short-rotation plantations of Salix aquatica. New Forests 18:161-177.
Roulston TAH, Goodell K. 2011. The role of resources and risks in regulating wild bee populations. Annual Review of Entomology 56: 293-312.
Russell C, Schultz CB. 2010. Investigating the use of herbicides to control invasive grasses: effects on at-risk butterflies. Journal of Insect Conservation 14(1):53-63.
Saarinen K, Valtonen A, Jantunen J, Saarnio S. 2005. Butterflies and diurnal moths along road verges: Does road type affect diversity and abundance? Biological Conservation 123:403-412.
Salt Institute. 2007. The Snowfighters Handbook. The Salt Institute, Alexandria, Virginia. 27p.
Samways MJ, Caldwell PM, Osborn R. 1996. Ground-living invertebrate assemblages in native, planted and invasive vegetation in South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 59:19-32.
Sardinas HS, Kremen C. 2014. Evaluating nesting microhabitat for ground-nesting bees using emergence traps. Basic and Applied Ecology: 15(2): 61-168.
Savolainen O, Pyhäἴärvi T, Knürr T. 2007. Gene flow and local adaptation in trees. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 38:595-619.
Schaff SD, Pezeshki SR, Shields FD. 2002. Effects of pre-planting soaking on growth and survival of black willow cuttings. Restoration Ecology 10(2):267-274.
Saunders DA, Hobbs RJ, Margules CR. 1991. Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation - a review. Conservation Biology 5:18-32.
Schaffers AP, Raemakers IP, Sykora KV. 2012. Successful overwintering of arthropods in roadside verges. Journal of Insect Conservation 16(4):511-522.
Schmidt L. 2000. Guide to handling of tropical and subtropical forest seed. Humlebaek (Denmark): Danida Forest Seed Centre.
Schooler SS, Cook T, Prichard P, Yeates AG. 2010. Disturbance-mediated Competition: The Interacting Roles of Inundation Regime and Mechanical and Herbicidal Control in Determining Native and Invasive Plant Abundance. Biological Invasions, Vol. 12. p 3289-3298.
Schröder R, Schröder R., Prasse, R. 2013. From nursery into nature: a study on performance of cultivated varieties of native plants used in re-vegetation, their wild relatives and evolving wild × cultivar hybrids. Ecological Engineering. 60: 428-437.[SER]
Society for Ecological Restoration. 2004. The SER international primer on ecological restoration. Tuscon (AZ): Society for Ecological Restoration, International Science and Policy Working Group.
Settele J, Bishop J, and Potts S. 2016. Climate change impacts on pollination. Nature Plants. Vol 2:1-3.
Shaw N. 2004. Production and use of planting stock. In: Monsen SB, Stevens R, Shaw NL. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. Fort Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-136 - volumes 1-3. p. 745-768.
Sheley R. 2005. Personal communication. Madras (OR): USDA Forest Service, Crooked River National Grassland.
Simberloff D, Stiling P. 1996. How risky is biological control? Ecology 77(7):1965-1974.
Skórka P, Lenda M, MoroÅ„ D, Kalarus K, and Tryjanowski P. 2013. Factors affecting road mortality and the suitability of road verges for butterflies. Biological Conservation 159:148-157.
Slick BM, Curtis WR. 1985. A guide for the use of organic materials as mulches in reclamation of coal minesoils in the Eastern United States. Broomall (PA): USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station. General Technical Report NE-98. 144 p.
Sloan R. 2001. Modified brush layers and live pole drains for landslide reclamation [online]. Santa Barbara (CA): Erosion Control.
Smallidge PJ, Leopold DJ. 1997. Vegetation management for the maintenance and conservation of butterfly habitats in temperate human-dominated habitats. Landscape and Urban Planning 38:259-280.
Smith MR, Charvat I, Jacobson RL. 1998. Arbuscular mycorrhizae promote establishment of prairie species in a tallgrass prairie restoration. Canadian Journal of Botany 76(11):1947-1954.
Snell-Rood EC, Espeset A, Boser CJ, White WA, Smykalski R. 2014. Anthropogenic changes in sodium affect neural and muscle development in butterflies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(28): 10221-10226.
Sobek AA, Skousen JG, Fisher Jr SE. 2000. Chemical and physical properties of overburdens and minesoils. In: Barnhisel RI, Darmody RG, Daniels WL, editors. Reclamation of drastically disturbed lands. Madison (WI): American Society of Agronomy. Agronomy Monograph 41. p. 77-104.
Soderstrom B, Hedblom M. 2007. Comparing movement of four butterfly species in experimental grassland strips. Journal of Insect Conservation 11(4):333-342.
Soil Survey Staff. 1975. Soil Taxonomy. Washington (DC): USDA Soil Conservation Service. Agricultural Handbook. 436 p.
Sotir RB, Gray DH. 1992. Soil bioengineering for upland slope protection and erosion reduction. In: Engineering Field Handbook. Washington (DC): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. EFH- 210. 61 p.
South DB, Mexal JG. 1984. Growing the "best" seedling for reforestation success. Auburn (AL): Auburn University. Forestry Department Series 12. 11 p.
South Dakota Department of Agriculture. 2006. Windbreaks and snow management. 2 p.
Spangler MG, Handy RL. 1973. Soil engineering. 3rd edition. New York (NY): Intext Educational Publishers. 748 p.
Spellerberg I. 1998. Ecological Effects of Roads and Traffic: A Literature Review. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7(5):317-333.
Spira TP. 2001. Plant-pollinator interactions: a threatened mutualism with implications for the ecology and management of rare plants. Natural Areas Journal 21(1):78-88.
Spokas KA, Cantrell KB, Novak JM, Archer DW, Ippolitor JA, Collins HP, Akwasi AA, Boateng AA, Lima IM, Lamb MC, McAloon AJ, Lentz RD, Nichols KA. 2012. Journal of Environmental Quality. P 973-989.
St. John L, Ogle DG, Scianna J, Winslow S, Holzworth LK. 2003. Plant materials collection guide. Boise (ID): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plant Materials Technical Note No 1. 12 p.
St. John T. 1995. Specially-modified land imprinter inoculates soil with mycorrhizal fungi (California). Restoration and Management Notes 14(1):84.
St. John T. 1999. Nitrate immobilization of the mycorrhizal network for control of exotic ruderals. CalEPPC News 7(1):4-11.
St. Clair JB, Kilkenny FF, Johsnon RC, Shaw NL, Weaver G. 2013. Genetic variation in adaptive traits and seed transfer zones for Pseudoroegneria spicata (bluebunch wheatgrass) in the northwestern United States. Evolutionary Applications 6:933-938.
St. Clair B, Johnson R. 2003. Structure of genetic variation and implications for the management of seed and planting stock. In: Riley LE, Dumroese RK, Landis TD, technical coordinators. National proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations-2003; 2003 June 9-12; Coeur d'Alene, ID; and 2003 July 14-17; Springfield, IL. Fort Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-33. p. 64-71.
St. Clair JB, Mandel NL, Vance-Borland KW. 2005. Genecology of Douglas fir in western Oregon and Washington. Annals of Botany 96:1199-1214.
St. Amour, M. 1998. Evaluation of a powered auger for planting large container seedlings. Pointe-Claire (Quebec): Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada. Field Note No. Silviculture-107. 2 p.
State of Illinois General Assembly-a, 2013. "Statute 605 ILCS 5/ Illinois Highway Code, Article 4 Division 2 State Highways, Section 4-219 Context Sensitivity", (Springfield, IL: Legislative Information System, 2013).
Steed JE, DeWald LE. 2003. Transplanting sedges (Carex spp.) in southwestern riparian meadows. Restoration Ecology 11(2):247-256.
Steinbrenner EC. 1981. Forest soil productivity relationships. In: Heilman PE, Anderson HW, Baumgartner DM, editors. Forest soils of the Douglas-fir region. Pullman (WA): Washington State University Cooperative Extension Service. p. 199-229.
Steinfeld D, Amaranthus MP, Cazares E. 2003. Survival of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Doug. ex Laws.) seedlings outplanted with Rhizopogon mycorrhizae inoculated with spores at the nursery [online]. Journal of Arboriculture 29(4).
Steinfeld D. 2002. Blaine Road project: findings - willow seedlings and cuttings trials [Internal memo]. Located at: Ashland Ranger District, Rogue River National Forest, Ashland, OR. 7 p.
Steinfeld D. 2004. Soil temperatures under mulch and no mulch on the Chiloquin Highway revegetation project [personal files]. Located at: USDA Forest Service, Ashland Ranger District, Rogue River National Forest, Ashland, OR.
Steinfeld D. 2005. Summary of tree shelter temperature recordings in and outside of tree shelters at the Canyonville planting pocket site [personal files]. Located at: USDA Forest Service, Ashland Ranger District, Rogue River National Forest, Ashland, OR.
Steinfeld DE, Landis TD. 1990. Soil compaction. In: Hamm PB, Campbell SJ, Hansen EM, editors. Growing healthy seedlings. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory. p. 87-91.
Stevens R, Monsen SB. 2004. Mechanical plant control. In: Monsen SB, Stevens R, Shaw NL, compilers. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. Fort Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-136 - vol 1. p. 65-87.
Stevens R, Van Epps GA. 1984. Seeding techniques to improve establishment of forage kocia (Kocia prostrate [L.] Schrad.) and fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens [Pursh.] Nutt.). In: Tiedemann AR, McArthur ED, Stutz HC, Stevens R, Johnson KL, compilers. Proceedings- symposium on the biology of Atriplex and related chenopods; 1983 May 2-6; Provo, UT. Ogden (UT): USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report INT-172. p. 269-272.
Stoner KJL and Joern A. 2004. Landscape vs. local habitat scale influences to insect communities from tallgrass prairie remnants. Ecological Applications 14:1306-1320.
Strauss, S. Y, J. A. Lau, & S. P. Carroll. 2006. Evolutionary responses of natives to introduced species: what do introductions tell us about natural communities? Ecology Letters 9: 357-374.
Stryker J. 2001. Irrigation tutorials.
Sucoff E. 1975. Effects of deicing salts on woody vegetation along Minnesota roads. Minn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bul. 303.
Sugden EA. 1985. Pollinators of Astragalus monoensis Barneby (Fabaceae): new host records; potential impact of sheep grazing. Great Basin Naturalist 45:299-312.
Sullivan DM, Cogger CG, Bary AI. 2007. Fertilizing with Biosolids. PNW 508-E. 18p.
Svensson B, Lagerlöf J, Svensson BG. 2000. Habitat preferences of nest-seeking bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in an agricultural landscape. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 77(3):247-255.
Svihra P, Burger D, Harris R. 1993. Treeshelters for nursery plants may increase growth and be cost effective. California Agriculture 47(4):13-16.
Swaileh KM, Hussein RM, Abu-Elhaj S. 2004. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in roadside surface soil and vegetation from the West Bank. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 47(1):23-30.
Swistock BR, Mecum KA, Sharpe WE. 1999. Summer temperatures inside ventilated and unventilated brown plastic treeshelters in Pennsylvania. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 16(1):7-10.
Tallamy DW, Shropshire KJ. 2009. Ranking lepidopteran use of native versus introduced plants. Conservation Biology 23(4):941-947.
Tanaka Y. 1984. Assuring seed quality for seedling production: cone collection and seed processing, testing, storage, and stratification. In: Duryea ML, Landis TD, editors. Forest nursery manual: production of bareroot seedlings. Boston (MA): Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W Junk Publishers. p. 27-40.
Teidemann AR, Lopez CF. 2004. Assessing soil factors in wildland improvement programs. In: Monsen SB, Stevens R, Shaw NL, compilers. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. Fort Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-136 - vol 1. p. 39-56.
Tesch SD, Helms JA. 1992. Regeneration methods. In: Hobbs SD, Tesch SD, Owston PW, Stewart RE, Tappener II JC, Wells GE, editors. Reforestation practices in southwestern Oregon and northern California. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University, Forest Research Laboratory. p 166-201.
Tewksbury JJ, Levey DJ, Haddad NM, Sargent S, Orrock JL, Weldon A, Danielson BJ, Brinkerhoff J, Damschen EI, Townsend P. 2002. Corridors affect plants, animals, and their interactions in fragmented landscapes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99(20): 12923-12926.
Therrell L, Cole D, Claassen V, Ryan C, Davies MA. 2006. Wilderness and backcountry site restoration guide. Missoula (MT): USDA Forest Service, Missoula Technology and Development Center. Pub # 0623 2815. 394 p.
Thomas GW. 1967. Problems encountered in soil testing methods. In: Soil testing and plant analysis. Part 1. Madison (WI): Soil Science Society of America. SSSA Special Publication Series No. 2. p. 37-54.
Thorup RM. 1984. Ortho agronomy handbook - a practical guide to soil fertility and fertilizer use. San Francisco (CA): Chevron Chemical Company. 454 p.
Tisdale SL, Nelson WL. 1975. Soil fertility and fertilizers. New York (NY): Macmillan Publishing Co. 694 p.
Trahan NA, Peterson CM. 2008. Impacts of magnesium chloride-based deicers on roadside vegetation. In: In: Transportation Research Board (Ed.), Proc. 6th Intl. Symposium on Snow Removal and Ice Control Technology. Transportation Research Circular E-C126. SNOW08-050, 171-186.
Trappe JM, Bollen WB. 1981. Forest soil biology. In: Heilman PE, Anderson HW, Baumgartner DM, editors. Forest soils of the Douglas-fir region. Pullman (WA): Washington State University Cooperative Extension Service. p. 145-155.
Trent A, Nolte D, Wagner K. 2001. Comparison of commercial deer repellents. Missoula (MT): USDA Forest Service, Missoula Technology and Development Center. Technology Tip 0124- 2331-MTDC. 6 p.
Trombulak SC, Frissell CA. 2000. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conservation Biology 14(1):18-30.
Trotti J. 2000. Hydraulic seeding and stabilization [online]. Erosion control 7(8).10 p.
Tuley G. 1985. The growth of young oak trees in shelters. Forestry 58:181-195.
Tuttle RW, Wenberg RD, Sotir RB. 1996. Chapter 16. Streambank and shoreline protection. In: Engineering Field Handbook. Washington (DC): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. EFH- 210, Part 650. 88 p.
Tyser RW, Worley CA. 1992. Alien flora in grasslands adjacent to road and trail corridors in Glacier National Park, Montana (USA). Conservation Biology 6(2):253-262.
Ungar IA. 1992. The effect of salinity and temperature on seed germination and growth of Hordeum jubatum. Can. J. Bot. 52:1357-1362.
University of Minnesota Extension Service [UMES]. 2004. Soluble Salts. St Paul (MN): University of Minnesota Extension Service. BU-01731. 3 p.
University of Nevada. 2009. Effects of de-icing salts on vegetation in the Lake Tahoe Basin.
USDA Agricultural Research Service. 2012. Plant hardiness zone map. [USFS] USDA Forest Service. 1991. J Herbert Stone Nursery Annual Report. Central Point (OR): USDA Forest Service, J Herbert Stone Nursery.
USDA Forest Service [USFS]. 2003. BAER Manual-FSM 2523. In: USDA Forest Service. Forest Service manual FSM 2500-watershed and air management. Washington (DC): USDA Forest Service National Headquarters. 44 p.
USDA Forest Service [USFS]. 2004. National strategy and implementation plan for invasive species management.
USDA Forest Service [USFS]. 2005. FSM 2070-native plant materials.
USDA Forest Service [USFS]. 2006. Interior Columbia Basin ecosystem management project.
USDA Forest Service [USFS]. 2007. Invasive plant prevention. In: Center for Invasive Plant Management. Invasive plant management: CIPM online textbook. Bozeman (MT): Montana State University.
USDA Forest Service, USDI Bureau of Land Management [USDA/USDI]. 2005. Revegetation equipment catalog. Boise (ID): Rangeland Technology Equipment Council.
Varnes DJ. 1978. Slope movement types and processes. In: Schuster RL, Krize RJ, editors. Landslides- analysis and control. Washington (DC): National Academy of Sciences, Transportation Research Board. Special Report 176. p. 12-33.
USDA Forest Service, USDI Bureau of Land Management [USFS/USDI]. 1994. Record of decision for the final supplemental environmental impact statement on management of habitat for late- successional and old growth forest related species within the range of the northern spotted owl. Portland (OR): USDA Forest Service. 475 p.
USDA Forest Service, USDI Bureau of Land Management [USFS/USDI]. 2001. A collaborative approach for reducing wildland fire risks to communities and the environment: 10-year comprehensive strategy.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service [NRCS]. 1997. Collecting plant materials. Brooksville (FL): USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Brooksville Plant Materials Center. Technical Note No. 35. 4 p.
Valtonen A, Saarinen K. 2005. A highway intersection as an alternative habitat for a meadow butterfly: effect of mowing, habitat geometry and roads on the ringlet (Aphantopus hyperantus). Annales Zoologici Fennici 42(5):545-556.
Valtonen A, Saarinen K, Jantunen J. 2006. Effect of different mowing regimes on butterflies and diurnal moths on road verges. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 29:133-148.
Visser S, Fujikawa J, Griffiths CL, Parkinson D. 1984. Effect of topsoil storage on microbial activity, primary production and decomposition potential. Plant and Soil 82(1):41-50.
Visser S, Griffiths CL, Parkinson D. 1984. Topsoil storage effects on primary production and rates of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal development in Agropyron trachycaulum. Plant and Soil 82(1):51-60.
Von der Lippe M, Kowarik I. 2007. Long-Distance Dispersal of Plants by Vehicles as a Driver of Plant Invasions. Conservation Biology 21(4):986-996.
Walker RF. 2002. Responses of Jeffrey pine on a surface mine site to fertilizer and lime. Restoration Ecology 10(2):204-212.
Walker RF. 2005. Growth and nutrition of Jeffrey pine seedlings on a Sierra Nevada surface mine in response to fertilization three years after planting. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 20(1):28-35.Ward K, Cariveau D, May E, Roswell M, Vaughan M, Williams N, Winfree R, Isaacs R, Gill K. 2014. Streamlined bee monitoring protocol for assessing pollinator habitat. 16 pp. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation.
Ward K, Cariveau D, May E, Roswell M, Vaughan M, Williams N, Winfree R, Isaacs R, and Gill K. 2014. Streamlined Bee Monitoring Protocol for Assessing Pollinator Habitat.� Portland, OR: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. 16 pp.
Waring RH, Schlesinger WH. 1985. Forest ecosystems: concepts and management. Orlando (FL): Academic Press. 340 p.
Warren MS. 1993. A review of butterfly conservation in central southern Britain: II. Site management and habitat selection of key species. Biological Conservation 64(1):37-49.
Wearstler Jr K. 2004. Considerations for collecting and vegetatively propagating poplar woody plant materials. In: Riley LE, Dumroese RK, Landis TD, technical coordinators. National proceedings: forest and conservation nursery associations-2003. Fort Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-33. p. 55-56.
Wedin DA, Tilman D. 1996. Influence of nitrogen loading and species composition on the carbon balance of grasslands. Science 274:1720-1723.
Welker JM, Gordon DR, Rice KJ. 1991. Capture and allocation of nitrogen by Quercus douglasii seedlings in competition with annual and perennial grasses. Oecologia 87:459-466.
Wert S, Thoms BR. 1981. Effects of skid roads on diameter, height, and volume growth in Douglas-fir. Soil Science Society of America Journal 45(3):629-632.
Western Federal Lands Highway Division [WFLHD]. 2005. Project development process flow chart. Vancouver (WA): US Department of Transportation, Western Federal Lands Highway Division. 206 p.
White AB, Fant JB, Kramer AT. In Prep. Developing genetically appropriate seed mixes of vulnerable plant species for restoration. A component of AB White's thesis for a Master of Science in Plant Biology and Conservation, anticipated from Northwestern University and Chicago Botanic Garden 2016.
Whiting D, Card A, Wilson C. 2007. Estimating soil texture: sandy, loamy or clayey. Fort Collins (CO): Colorado State University Extension, Colorado Master Gardener.
Wilde SA, Corey RB, Iyer JG, Voigt GK. 1979. Soil and plant analysis for tree culture. 5th revised edition. New Dehli (India): Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. 224 p.
Williams DW, Jackson LL, Smith DD. 2007. Effects of frequent mowing on survival and persistence of forbs seeded into a species-poor grassland. Restoration Ecology 15:24-33.
Williams NM, Cariveau D, Winfree R, Kremen C. 2011. Bees in disturbed habitats use, but do not prefer, alien plants. Basic and Applied Ecology 12(4):332-341.
Williams NM, Crone EE, T'ai HR, Minckley RL, Packer L, Potts SG. 2010. Ecological and life-history traits predict bee species responses to environmental disturbances. Biological Conservation, 143: 2280-2291.
Wilson GWT, Hetrick BAD, Schwab AP. 1991. Reclamation effects on mycorrhizae and productive capacity of flue-gas desulfurization sludge. Journal of Environmental Quality 20(4):777-783.
Winfree R. 2010. The conservation and restoration of wild bees. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1195: 69-197.
Winfree R, Aguilar R, Vázquez DP, LeBuhn G, Aizen MA. 2009. A meta-analysis of bees' responses to anthropogenic disturbance. Ecology 90:2068-2076.
Withrow-Robinson B, Johnson R. 2006. Selecting native plant materials for restoration projects: insuring local adaptation and maintaining genetic diversity. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University Extension Service.
Wolf DD, Blaser RE, Morse RD, Neal JL. 1984. Hydro-application of seed and wood-fiber slurries to bind straw mulch. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 3(2):101-107.
Woodmansee RG, Reeder JD, Berg WA. 1978. Nitrogen in drastically disturbed lands. In: Youngerg CT, editor. Forest and soil land use. Fort Collins (CO): Colorado State University, Department of Forest and Wood Sciences. p. 376-392.
Wu Y-T, Wang C-H, Zhang X-D, Zhao B, Jiang L-F, Chen J-K, Li B. 2009. Effects of saltmarsh invasion by Spartina alterniflora. Biological Invasions 11:635-649.
Yetka LA, Galatowitsch SM. 1999. Factors affecting revegetation of Carex lacustris and Carex stricta from rhizomes. Restoration Ecology 7:162-171.
Youngberg CT. 1981. Organic matter of forest soils. In: Heilman PE, Anderson HW, Baumgartner DM, editors. Forest soils of the Douglas-fir region. Pullman (WA): Washington State University Cooperative Extension Service. p. 137-144.
Zoldoske DF. 1998. Selecting a drip irrigation system for vineyards. Fresno (CA): Center for Irrigation Technology.
Zuefle ME, Brown WP, Tallamy DW. 2008. Effects of non-native plants on native insect community of Delaware. Biological Invasions 10:1159-1169.